ASEANを中心としたモンスーン地域のエネルギーに関する情報を提供します。

Overview

Total and residential energy consumption in the member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have increased by 112 and 52 percent respectively between 1990 and 2014 according to the statistics by the International Energy Agency (IEA) [1] and the United Nation Statistics Division (UNSD) [2]. In the same period, the total and residential energy consumption in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries have increased by only 17 and 15 percent respectively.

This rapid increase in the ASEAN’s energy consumption is reportedly driven by the socio-economic development in the ASEAN countries. The IEA predicted that the ASEAN’s energy demand will grow by 80% from today to about 46 EJ (1100 Mtoe) in 2040, accompanying with the regional economic development [3]. Energy policies in the ASEAN countries are of growing importance in global energy security and prevention of global warming.

Literature:
[1] International Energy Agency (IEA), Statistics. Accessed 13 February 2017, (http://www.iea.org/statistics/).
[2] United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), Energy Balances, 2014 ed., United Nations, New York, 2016.
[3] International Energy Agency (IEA), Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2015, International Energy Agency, Paris, 2015, pp. 9 - 12.

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Climate

The climate in the ASEAN countries is mainly tropical. Tropical climates are categorized into three climates by precipitation: tropical rainforest (indicated by Af under the Koppen climate classification), tropical monsoon (Am), and tropical savanna (Aw).

Table 1 lists the capital or largest cities of each country and their population and climate classification. The majority of these cities have tropical climates, in which all twelve months have mean temperatures of at least 18°C. This leads to a common living habit among the people in the ASEAN countries. This habit may be characterized by light-duty garment, traditional architecture with a high regard for ventilation and shading, and strong need for air-conditioning and refrigeration in a modern urban life.

Table 1 shows an exception that Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, belongs to the humid subtropical climate (indicated by Cwa). There is a potential that this exception causes the difference in residential electricity demand between Vietnam and the other ASEAN countries.

Table 1 Population and climate classification of the ASEAN largest cities

City	Population	Climate
Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei)	NA	Af (tropical rainforest)
Phnom Penh (Cambodia)	1,688,040 (2013 [4])	Aw (tropical savanna)
DKI Jakarta (Indonesia)	10,075,300 (2014 [5])	Am (tropical monsoon)
Vientiane Capital (Laos)	828,000 (2014 [6])	Aw (tropical savanna)
Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)	1,780,400 (2014 [7])	Af (tropical rainforest)
Nay Pyi Taw (Myanmar)	1,197,000 (2015 [8])	Aw (tropical savanna)
Yangon (Myanmar)	7,595,000 (2015 [8])	Am (tropical monsoon)
NCR Manila (Philippines)	12,877,253 (2015 [9])	Aw (tropical savanna)
Singapore (Singapore)	5,535,002 (2015 [10])	Af (tropical rainforest)
Bangkok (Thailand)	8,305,218 (2010 [11])	Aw (tropical savanna)
Hanoi (Vietnam)	7,216,000 (2015 [12])	Cwa (humid subtropical)
Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam)	8,146,300 (2015 [12])	Aw (tropical savanna)

Literature:
[4] National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey 2013, Final Report, National Institute of Statistics, Phnom Penh, 2013, p.12.
[5] Badan Pusat Statistik (Statistics Indonesia), Statistical Yearbook of Indonesia 2015 (ISSN 0126-2912), Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, p. 76.
[6] Lao Statistics Bureau, Statistical Yearbook 2014. Accessed 9 June 2017, (http://www.lsb.gov.la/en/Population%20and%20Demography14.php).
[7] Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Statistical Handbook 2016, Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur, 2016, p.6.
[8] Department of Population, Myanmar, Thematic Report on Population Projections for the Union of Myanmar, States/Regions, Rural and Urban Areas, 2014 - 2050 Census Report Volume 4-F, Department of Population, Nay Pyi Taw, 2017, p.20.
[9] Philippine Statistics Authority, 2016 Philippines Statistical Yearbook, Philippine Statistics Authority, Quezon City, 2016.
[10] Department of Statistics Singapore, Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2016 (ISSN 0583-3655), Department of Statistics, Singapore, 2016, p.26.
[11] National Statistical Office, Thailand, The 2010 Population and Housing Census, Statistical Tables, Table 1. Accessed 12 February 2017, (http://web.nso.go.th/en/census/poph/cen_poph_10.htm).
[12] General Statistics Office, Statistical Yearbook of Vietnam 2015 (ISBN 9786047503643), Statistical publishing house, Hanoi, 2016, p.85-86.

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Demographics and Economy

Table 2 shows the population, number of households, family size, access to electricity, and per capita GDP of ASEAN countries.

The family size and access to electricity, which affect the residential energy consumption, don’t correlate well with the per capita GDP. For instance, the access to electricity in Vietnam is very high while its per capita GDP is lower among the ASEAN countries. This tells that the family size and access to electricity cannot be simply considered dependent variables responding to the per capita GDP.

Table 2 Demographics and Economic indicators

Country	Population [13]	Number of households	Average family size	Access to electricity	Per capita GDP (PPP) [13]
			(year of data)	% of population [13]	current international dollars	constant 2011 international dollars
Brunei	423,188	68,237 [14]	5.85 (‘11) [14]	76.2	79059.5	75052
Cambodia	15,577,899	3,162,000 [15]	4.64 (‘13) [15]	31.1	3278.8	3112.6
Indonesia	257,563,815	64,771,600 [5]	3.90 (’14) [5]	96	10567	10031.3
Laos	6,802,023	1,118,000 [16]	5.20 (’13) [16]	70	5333.5	5063.2
Malaysia	30,331,007	6,350,000 [17]	4.20 (’10) [17]	100	25765.8	24459.7
Myanmar	53,897,154	NA	5.00 (’10) [18]	52.4	4882.4	4635
Philippines	100,699,395	20,171,899 [9]	4.58 (’10) [9]	87.5	7009.8	6654.5
Singapore	5,535,002	1,225,300 [10]	3.39 (’15) [10]	100	83798.6	79550.9
Thailand	67,959,359	20,300,000 [11]	3.20 (’10) [11]	100	15775.6	14976
Vietnam	91,703,800	22,444,322 [14]	3.83 (’09) [14]	99	5657	5370.2

Literature:
[13] World Bank, World Development Indicators (Last updated, 2 January 2017), Accessed 13 February 2017, (http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/world-development-indicators).
[14] UNSD, Demographic Statistics, Households by age and sex of reference person and by size of household (Last updated February 3 2017), Accessed 13 February 2017 (http://data.un.org/).
[15] National Institute of Statistics, Cambodia Socio-Economic Survey 2013 (CSES 2013), National Institute of Statistics, Phnom Penh, 2014, pp. 6 - 12.
[16] Department of Statistics, Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey 2012/2013 (LECS 5), Department of Statistics, Vientiane Capital, 2014, p.3.
[17] Department of Statistics, Malaysia, Buku Maklumat Perangkaan (Malaysia Statistical Handbook) 2016, Department of Statistics, Kuala Lumpur, 2016.
[18] IHLCA Project Technical Unit, Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey in Myanmar (2009 - 2010), Poverty profile, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Myanmar, Yangon, 2011, p. 30.

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Final Energy Consumption per capita

Table 3 shows the final energy consumption per capita by sector in 1990 and 2014. The data of Cambodia and Laos in 1990 are not available. Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore are the top three in the total final energy consumption both in 1990 and 2014. As to the rate of increase, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam doubled their total final energy consumption during the twenty four years. In Indonesia and the least developed countries, i.e., Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar, the residential sector consumes the most energy.

Table 3 Final Energy Consumption per Capita by Sector (1990)

Country	Industry	Transportation	Residential	Other	Total
Brunei	9777	30634	7333	6518	54262
Cambodia	2036	1775	7956	19	11786
Indonesia	4188	2472	9604	469	16733
Laos	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Malaysia	12794	10934	4692	1819	30239
Myanmar	393	443	8418	22	9275
Philippines	3147	3055	6163	764	13128
Singapore	8313	18659	3834	11707	42512
Thailand	6403	6667	5577	2400	21047
Vietnam	2878	875	6042	370	10165

Unit [MJ / capita /annum]

Table 3 (continued) Final Energy Consumption per Capita by Sector (2014)

Country	Industry	Transportation	Residential	Other	Total
Brunei	12739	45640	15147	18457	91983
Cambodia	2576	3494	8192	737	14998
Indonesia	6481	7590	10609	1244	25924
Laos	1001	436	8944	420	10801
Malaysia	21579	31238	5395	7701	65913
Myanmar	1601	1934	8556	1004	13095
Philippines	3013	3871	2757	1592	11233
Singapore	44052	19060	5174	13411	81696
Thailand	18087	13741	7289	5910	45026
Vietnam	9815	4902	8272	1359	24349

Unit [MJ / capita /annum]

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Residential Energy Consumption per Capita by Energy

Table 4 shows the residential energy consumption per capita by energy source. The energy source consumed in all countries is electricity. The electricity consumption has increased in all countries. Especially in Vietnam, the electricity consumption has grown by 15 times between 1990 and 2014. Although the oil products and bio fuels are important energy source in many ASEAN countries, their consumption has been decreased in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, and Singapore.

Table 4 Residential Energy Consumption per Capita by Energy (1990)

Country	Coal	Oil products	Natural gas	Bio fuel / waste	Electricity
Brunei	0	2607	0	0	4726
Cambodia	0	191	0	7738	28
Indonesia	0	1421	1	8001	181
Laos	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Malaysia	0	1101	7	2784	800
Myanmar	0	2	1	8361	54
Philippines	0	518	0	5318	326
Singapore	0	591	412	0	2830
Thailand	0	401	0	4661	515
Vietnam	131	48	0	5737	126

Unit [MJ / capita /annum]

Table 4 (continued) Residential Energy Consumption per Capita by Energy (2014)

Country	Coal	Oil products	Natural gas	Bio fuel / waste	Electricity
Brunei	0	1806	1806	0	11535
Cambodia	0	361	0	7342	489
Indonesia	0	1202	3	8249	1155
Laos	0	308	0	7869	766
Malaysia	0	906	1	1203	3285
Myanmar	0	1	0	8278	277
Philippines	0	364	0	1631	761
Singapore	0	214	406	0	4554
Thailand	0	1078	0	4138	2073
Vietnam	548	439	0	5406	1879

Unit [MJ / capita /annum]

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